Adjective in English

DEFINITION

In grammar, an adjective is a word whose main syntactic role is to qualify a noun or noun phrase, giving more information about the object signified, (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjective).

An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun by describing, identifying, or quantifying it. It tells us more about the noun/pronoun it modifies. It answers the questions about the noun like: what kind, how many, and which one. An adjective actually can be a single word, a phrase, or a clause.

Form

An adjective can generally be categorized into one of four forms as the following:

A. Attributive Adjective

An attributive adjective is located before the noun/pronoun it describes or modifies. Since an attributive adjective doesn’t appear after a copula verb then it becomes the part of the noun phrase it modifies. In other words it is headed by the noun it modifies.

Examples:

1. She has just bought a smart phone.
2. They are equipped with advanced equipments.
3. A happy family lives happily.

Smart, advanced and happy are all attributive adjectives. They modify the words phone, equipments and family and therefore are the parts of the noun phrases a smart phone, advanced equipments and a happy family.

B. Predicative Adjective

A predicative adjective appears after the noun it modifies. A predicative adjective doesn’t occur directly after the noun. It is linked to the noun or pronoun it modifies via a copula or other linking system. Since a predicative adjective functions as the predicate in a sentence then it modifies or describes the state of the subject.
Examples:

• She is smart.
• You look good.
• Her idea sounds strange.

Smart, good and strange serve as the predicative adjectives which describe the subjects of the sentences above.
Note: Most adjectives actually can serve both as attributive and predicative, however a small number of them only function one or the other. Adjectives like main (the main function), entire (the entire students), and outright (outright nonsense) are exclusively function in attributive position. Meanwhile afraid (I’m afraid.), aghast (He’s aghast.) and alive (My grandma is still alive.) can only serve in predicative position.
Actually there’s a sentence frame which can be used easily to determine either an adjective serve as an attributive or predicative.

The … (attributive) girl is very…(predicative).

C. Absolute Adjective

There are some adjectives which can not be intensified or compared because of their meanings. We call such adjectives as absolute adjectives. And you can only modify absolute adjectives with adverbs like nearly or almost.

Examples:

1. The most common example of absolute adjective is unique, which means not the same as anything or anyone else. You can not say that someone or something is more unique or most unique.
2. The next is dead; somebody or something cannot be deader than somebody else.
3. The other example is absolute (true or right in all situations), something absolute is surely can not be compared or intensified.
4. Then perfect (as good, correct, or accurate as it is possible to be), perfect is also absolute. You can say that one’s score is almost perfect, yet his perfect score can not be more perfect than anyone else.
5. We also have the word square as absolute adjective. You can say that something is square or not square. Or if you draw of a box without a ruler then the result may be nearly square.
6. The other examples are essential (completely necessary), universal (present everywhere, applicable to all cases), immortal (living forever; never dying or decaying), supreme (most important, or most powerful, highest in rank or authority), infinite (very great, and seeming to have no limit), single (only one), double (consisting of two things or parts of the same type), round (shaped like a circle or cylinder), etc.

You can see that all adjectives above have absolute meanings, not relative. Therefore comparative degrees are worthless.

D. Nominal Adjective

A Nominal adjective is an adjective which functions as a noun. It can happen only if a noun is omitted and an attributive adjective is left behind.

Examples:

I gave him hot tea but he prefers the cool tea. In order to use the nominal adjective you must omit the noun tea in the cool tea. Then the sentence becomes I gave him hot tea but he prefers the cool. Actually the cool is short for the cool one (tea). Then we call cool as a nominal adjective.

Or it can happen to certain adjectives which are used to represent a class by describing one of the attributes of the class. For example the poor represents a class of people who are in similar financial condition. The other examples are the old, the sick, the wealthy, the blind, the innocent, etc. However other nominal adjectives do not refer fully to classes of people; they definitely do not represent classes at all such as the good, the contrary, the opposite, etc.

There are also some nominal adjectives which refer to major sub-class of nationalities such as the Japanese, the British, the French, etc. Yet not all nationalities correspond to nominal adjectives. Many of them are represented by plural, proper nouns such as the Russians, the Poles, the Germans, the Americans, etc.

After all comparative and superlative adjectives can also be used as nominal adjectives such as The best is what we want. You are the greatest of all.

Note: Actually nominal adjectives have both qualities of a noun and an adjective such as:

• they can be preceded by a determiner, typically the definite article the;
• they can be modified by adjective such as the poor old;
• they are gradable, the extremely poor, the very wealthy;
• many can have comparative and superlative forms, the richer, the richest.

Time Clause

A clause is a unit of grammatical organization next below the sentence in rank and in traditional grammar said to consist of a subject and predicate (http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/clause). Then Time Clause is a clause which expresses time.

To introduce a time clause words like before, after, when, whenever, while, as soon as, until/till etc.are usually used. A time clause is a kind of dependent clause (it has a subject and a verb) and is used to tell when something happens. Future or conditional forms are not used in a time clause (all future forms become present tense when put in time clause).

Time clause may come before or after the main clause. A comma is needed when a time clause is put before the main clause. Pay attention to the following patterns:

1. Time Clause + Comma + Main Clause
2. Main Clause + No Comma + Time Clause
Examples:
Before they watched TV, they did their homework.
I’ll leave after I have my breakfast.

Let’s take a look at each of the conjunction used in time clause.

1. Before

Before is used for something that occurs earlier than something else or prior to a certain time.
Examples:
The secretary must finish arranging the schedule before her boss comes.
Before you go, you must lock the door.
I had never heard such boring story before he told it to me.

2. After

After is used for something that happens later than something else. In clauses after is frequently followed by perfect tenses. As you see the use of after in sentences below, you’ll notice that after and before have opposite meaning and they indicate relation between two times or events.
Examples:
After she had taken a bath, she ate breakfast.
(First she took a bath then she ate breakfast, or you can reverse the sentence using before –>> Before she ate breakfast, she took a bath)
I planted the tree after I had dug the hole.
(First I dug the hole then I planted the tree, or you can reverse the sentence using before –>> Before I planted the tree, I dug the hole)

3. While

While means during the time that or duration of time.
Examples:
While I’m away, please keep my house.
She stayed in the waiting room while her husband bought some tickets.

4. As

In time clause as is used:
a. When two short actions occur simultaneously.
Examples:
I saw him as I left the house.
The boy kicked the ball as it came to him.
b. When two longer actions take place together.
Examples:
My scores get increased as I study harder.
Her body gets slimmer as she runs a healthy diet method.
c. When an action occurs before the previous one is complete.
Examples:
As I cooked I ran out of salt.
As she took a bath she got the brilliant idea.

This implies that I ran out of salt before I finished cooking and she got the brilliant idea before she finished bathing.

a. When parallel actions or parallel development take place.
Examples:

The old lady mumbled as she swept the dirty floor.
As we advertise our business, the orders of our products rise.

5. As Soon As

As soon as is used when something occurs straight away after something else.

Examples:
She left for work as soon as she ate her breakfast.
As soon as we finish your order, we will send it to you.

6. Till/ until

Till/ until means up to the time that and is used to refer to a time up to a particular event happens or how long a situation continuous. We compare the meaning of till/ until to since; since shows the beginning of a period whereas till/until shows the end point of a period.

Examples:
I’ll be here until you come back.
He’ll love her till the day he dies.
She kept writing until she heard the blast last night.

7. When

When means at the time that. When is used with simple tenses. You can use when in the following cases:

a. When one action happens at the same time or during another action.
Examples:

When they were here, we were very busy.
The kind-hearted woman cried when she saw the poor child.

b. When one action follows another.
Examples:
When you click the play button, the program starts.
The car ran very fast when the young racer stepped on the gas.

8. Whenever

Whenever means anytime.
Examples:
You can come back here whenever you want.
Whenever you are ready, you can contact me.

9. Since

Since means from the time that. In clauses since is customarily followed by past tenses.

Examples:

I haven’t met her since she graduated from the college.
The old man hasn’t moved since he sat there.

10. Once

Once which functions as conjunction can mean as soon as/ soon after or when. Once is frequently used to show a condition which must first be met before something else can occur or in short as soon as one thing happens, something else happens.

Examples:
I’ll post this article on my blog once I finish it.
Once the food is ready, we’ll serve it for the guests.

The Articles

An article is a word combined with a noun to indicate the extent of definiteness (specificity) of the noun. Since an article modifies a noun it is classified into adjective. Yet, not all nouns can be preceded by an article. Mostly, an article comes first of all words of its noun phrase, preceding all other adjectives.

There are two types of articles they are indefinite and definite articles.

A. Indefinite Article

1. a/an
Indefinite articles are the articles which don’t refer to specific noun. Indefinite articles do not state exactly to which person or object we are referring to. When using indefinite articles, it shows that the speaker thinks the listener does not know the identity of the noun.
The first indefinite articles we are going to discuss are a and an. A and an mean one. The difference between a and an is determined by phonetic rules rather than by spelling principle.
A is used before a word starting with a consonant sound, e.g.: a car, a book, a union, a horse, a university, a one-eyed gangster, etc.
You may ask a question that in the examples there are some words start with vowel (union, university, one-eyed gangster) but use a as their article. They use a because those words are initially pronounced like consonant, union /ˈjuːnɪən/, university /ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːsɪti/ and one-eyed gangster /ˌwʌn ˈaɪd ˈɡæŋstə/.
Whilst an is used before a word starting with a vowel sound. Examples: an apple, an umbrella, an axe, an ant, an ostrich, an elevator, an honest man, an hour, etc.
In the examples, the words honest and hour which are started with consonant h use article an because those words are pronounced like vowel, honest /ˈɒnɪst/ and hour /ˈaʊə/.

But you’ll also find some confusing nouns like X-ray, FBI agent, S-shaped curve, UFO, USB key, etc. When you do, you only need to see the first letter pronunciation as discussed above. You know that X-ray is pronounced /ˈeks reɪ/, FBI agent is pronounced / ˌefbɪˈaɪ ˈeɪdʒənt/ and S-shaped curve is pronounced / es-ʃeɪpt kɜːv/. All those words are initiated with vowel sound, so they take an, then they become an X-ray, an FBI agent and an S-shaped curve.

Now let’s see UFO and USB key. UFO is pronounced / ˌju:ˌeˈfəʊ/ and USB key is pronounced /juːesbiː kiː/. Those words are initially pronounced in consonant sound, so they take a, then they become a UFO and a USB key.

The Use of A/An In Sentences

a. Use a/an when you say something for the first time, next time you repeat it use the.

Examples:

1. I have a new hat. The hat is yellow.
2. She is eating an orange. She bought the orange yesterday.

In the examples you can see that when words hat and orange are repeated, they use article the.

b. Use a/an to talk about one’s job.

Examples:

1. I’m an English teacher.
2. She’s an online marketer.

Don’t use a/an:

Don’t use a/an with uncountable nouns. The examples of uncountable nouns are milk, rice, sugar, butter, water, etc. You can’t use a/an with uncountable nouns for you can’t count them.

2. Some as an Indefinite Article

Besides functions as a quantifier, some also can be used as a plural form of a/an. “An orange” constantly means one indefinite orange. Sentence “She needs some oranges” shows more than one orange is needed yet without specifying the quantity.

B. Definite Article

The is called definite article as it refers to specific noun. Both the speaker and the listener know which noun is meant or the speaker thinks the listener knows the identity of the noun since it is clear or familiar or it is common knowledge or because it was mentioned previously. The makes general thing specific. The can be used with any type of noun, plural or singular, countable or uncountable.

The Use of The in Sentences

a. Use the when you talk about a specific person or thing; it is clear which one you refer to or talk about.

Examples:

1. He will see the doctor this afternoon.
2. Take me the pen!
3. You must visit the place.

In the examples both the speaker and the listener know which doctor, pen and place are talking about.

b. Use the with noun mentioned for the second time and so on.

Examples:

A girl was planting a flower in a garden. The girl was singing happily while planting the flower. The next days she always came to the garden to see the flower.

In the examples you see that when words girl, flower and garden are mentioned for the first time, they use a as the article. But when they are mentioned for the second time and so on, they use the as the article.

c. Use the with school, university, prison, hospital, church, bed, work and home when you talk about a particular one, and no article when you talk about the idea of them.

Examples:

1. She goes to school everyday.
2. The school I visited yesterday is very clean.
3. I want to continue my study to university.
4. We studied at the university for five years.
5. The man will stay in prison for ten years due to his criminal acts.
6. The young actor celebrated his 20th birthday in the prison.
7. I went to bed at 9 last night.
8. The bed I bought last week is very comfortable.

In the examples, sentences 1, 3, 5 and 7 are about the idea of school, university, prison and bed, not refer to specific ones. Whilst sentences 2, 4, 6 and 8 refer to specific school, university, prison and bed.

d. Use the with oceans, seas, rivers, canals, mountain ranges and geographical points on the globe.

Examples:

1. The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean on the Earth.
2. The Red Sea lies between Africa and Asia.
3. The Panama Canal is a ship canal which joins the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.
4. The Nile River is the main river in North Africa.
5. Mont Blanc is the highest mountain in the Alps.
6. Polar bears are at the top of the food chain in the North Pole.
7. The Equator is an imaginary line on the earth’s surface which devides the earth into the northern and southern hemisphere.

e. Use the with adjective to talk about a group of people (including nationalities).

Examples:

1. He’s rich but never gives the poor.
2. The Indonesians are commonly friendly.
3. The unemployed demand the opening of new job fields immediately.

f. Use the with plural names of people and places.

Examples:

1. The Johns live happily in that big house.
2. The Virgin Islands form the border between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.

g. Use the with theaters, cinemas, hotels, pubs and restaurants.

Examples:

1. The Hilton was founded by Conrad Hilton.
2. The Odeon is one of the largest in Europe.
3. He didn’t come to the Déjà Vu when he visited Toronto last year.
4. I will stay in The Ritz for five days.

h. Use the with Abbreviations.

Examples:

1. The UN was founded to replace the League of Nations.
2. The IMF headquarter is in Washington, D.C.

i. Use the with unique things.

1. The sun is shining brightly now.
2. She wants to see the moon tonight.
3. The rain will fall soon.
4. The wind is blowing gently.
5. You are the one I love in the world.
6. The earth goes around the sun.
7. The White House was designed by Irish-born James Hoban.

j. Use the with musical instruments.

Examples:

1. Mom’s playing the piano for me.
2. She’s learning the guitar.

In the examples the piano and the guitar don’t refer to certain piano and guitar but any.

k. Use the with the name of newspapers.

Examples:

1. The Times is a British daily national newspaper published in London.
2. He’s reading The Jakarta Post.
3. We subscribe to The Sunday Times.
4. The Washington Post is the largest newspaper in Washington, D.C.which emphasizes on national politics.

l. Use the with well-known buildings or works of art.

Examples:

1. The Great Wall is in China.
2. I want to visit the Taj Mahal.
3. The Empire State Building has a roof height of 381 meters.
4. The Mona Lisa is a portrait painting in oil by the Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci.

m. Use the with certain countries’ names.

Actually the is not used with most countries, but there are many that do. The countries’ names which take the are those that derive from names of island groups such as The Philippines, The Barbados, The Maldives, The Canary Islands; mountain ranges like The Lebanon; deserts like The Sudan; seas, rivers and geographic regions like The Middle East; or countries whose names include words like kingdom, states, republic or union such as The United States, the United Kingdom; the Kingdom of Nepal, the Soviet Union, the Czech Republic, The People’s Republic of China, The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, The Islamic Republic of Iran, and The Kingdom of Lesotho; or if a country has a plural name like The Netherlands.

C. No Article

1. Use no article with the followings:

a. continents, examples: Asia, Europe, Africa, Australia and America;

b. countries, examples: Italy, Indonesia, Canada, etc.;

c. regions, examples: Vermont, Massachusetts, etc.;

d. cities, examples: New York, Toronto, etc.;

e. towns, examples: Eastwood (a town in England), Wamena (a town in Indonesia);

f. villages, examples: Totsukawa (a village in Japan), Dacitan (a village in China);

g. streets, examples: Lonesome Road, Liquid Loco Street;

h. lakes, examples: Lake Toba, Lake Matano;

i. parks, example: Central Park.

2. Use no article with sports, examples: football, baseball, tennis, badminton, etc.

3. Use no article to talk about things or people in general.

Examples:

• Spinach is extremely rich in antioxidants.
• Chinese people drink a lot of tea.
• People are worried about rising inflation.
• Coffee is not good for you.

4. Use no article with single islands.

Examples: Sumatra Island, Kalimantan Island, Hong Kong Island, etc.

5. Use no article with single mountains (not the mountains range).

Examples: Yellow Mountain, Mount Everest, etc.

To see the complete information on kinds of adjectives, just click here!

This article is taken from many sources.

Adverb of Time

Adverb of time tells when something happens. Adverb of time answers the question when. Adverb of time also can be used to tell how long an event lasts. The form of adverb of time can be a single word or a prepositional phrase.

Adverb of time can point to specific time (definite) such as: once upon a time, long time ago, many years ago, ago, this morning, last night/week/month/year, yesterday, recently, just now, at 9 o’clock, now, at the moment, at the time being, at the present time, today, tonight, tomorrow, next Saturday/week/month/year,etc or relates to time (indefinite) such as: since, early, previously, formerly, first, before, yet, during, still, then, soon, already, later, next, after, afterward, when, while, from time to time, in a few minutes, forever, already, lately, eventually, finally, etc.

Use in sentences:
a. Once upon a time there lived an evil witch in a cave.
b. She came home this morning.
c. She flew to Toronto last week.
d. We are having great time now.
e. I’ll pick you up at 9 o’clock tomorrow.
f. He’ll be back soon.
g. They have been standing there since 7 a.m.
h. She has already done it.
i. She looks happy lately.
j. They finally got what they wanted.
As mentioned above adverb of time can appear in the form of prepositional phrase; it comes with prepositions such as: at, in, on, since, for, during, by, till/until, before, after, etc. Actually some examples about it have appeared above, but I’ll discuss about it more detail below.

1. At

Use at with:
a. clock time: at 7 o’clock, at 9.30, etc.
b. mealtime: at breakfast, at lunch, at dinner.
c. religious festival: at Eid ul-Fitr , at Eid ul-Adha, at Christmas, etc.
d. specific period: at noon, at night, at the weekend, etc.

2. In

Use in with:

a. season: in spring , in summer, in autumn, in winter, in dry season and in rainy seaon.
b. year and century: in 1998, in 20th century, etc.
c. month: in August, in September, etc.
d. part of the day: in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening.

3. On

Use on with:

a. day: on Sunday, on Monday evening, on Saturday night, etc.
b. special day: on his birthday, on my wedding anniversary, etc.
c. date: on August 17, on january 19, etc.

4. Since

Use since with the time when an action started to happen.

Examples:

a. They have been working for this company since 2000.
b. I like you since that day.

5. For

Use for with a period/duration of time.

Examples:

a. He will stay in the hotel for five days.
b. We have lived here for 10 years.

6. During

During means through the whole of a period of time. Use during to say when something happens. During does not xpress the duration or how long something lasts.

Examples:

a. The students paid their focus during the class.
b. We were very busy during their visit here.

7. By

By denotes to a deadline or the end of a particular time period; or it can mean not later than.

Examples:

a. He’ll be back by the end of December.
b. They will have finished the class by 3 p.m.

8. Till/ until

Till/ until means up to the time that. Till/until shows the end point of a period.

Examples:

a. I’ll wait for her till 9.
b. You must stay here until midnight.

9. Before

Before is used for something happens earlier than something else or prior to a certain time.

Examples:

a. You must clean the house before leaving.
b. Before having your meal, don’t forget to pray.

10. After

After is used for something happens later than something else.

Examples:

a. After brushing her teeth, she went to bed.
b. The children went home happily after playing all day.

To see the complete info on kinds of adverbs, just click here and the time clause is here!

Adverb of Place

Adverb of place tells us where something happens. Adverb of place answers the question where. Adverb of place may show the position or the direction (movement in a particular direction) of something. Adverb of place can appear as a single word or in the form of prepositional phrase.

The examples of single-word adverb of place are here, there, somewhere, everywhere, anywhere, nowhere, abroad, upstair, downstair, inside, outside, out, back, aside, behind, ahead, forward, up ,nearby, far, away, etc.

Use in sentences:
a. He came here last night.
b. We will go there tomorrow.
c. She hides the ring somewhere.
d. You can get this fruit everywhere.
e. Don’t go anywhere!
f. I want to go abroad.
g. She is teaching upstair now.
h. They are chatting downstair.
i. We will wait for you inside.
j. Go outside to kill your boredom.
The examples of adverb of place in the form of prepositional phrase are in the house, next door, before the cupboard, in front of the house, on the table, behind the house, under the table, beneath the table, beside me, next to him, between the chairs, into the room, through the window, off the table, over the bed, across the street, toward the door, to the store, around the circle, at home, against the wall, in the middle of the room, on top of the roof, along the street, near the fence, etc,

Use in sentences:

a. They stayed in the house due to the cold weather last night.
b. I planted some mango trees in front of the house.
c. The dictionary is on the table.
d. He stood beside me.
e. Mom puts the small table between the chairs.
f. The boy is running into the room.
g. He’s waiting for the bus across the street.
h. She put some dots around the circle.
i. I’m leaning against the wall.
j. The little girl is squatting near the fence.

The use of in, on, and at in Adverb of Place Prepositional Phrase

1. In

In is used with the names of land-areas (town, city, country, and continent, etc).

Examples:

a. They will stay in Bandar Lampung for three days. (town)
b. We live in Toronto.
c. My favorite singer has ever conducted a concert in Indonesia.
d. She is in Europe now.

2. On

Use on with name of street.

Examples:

a. The bank is on Kartini Street.
b. Her luxurious house is on Sudirman Street.

3. At

Use at with specific addresses (house/building number, name of the street and city/town).

Examples:

a. Her house is located at Pattimura Street no 71, Bandar Lampung.
b. The hotel is at Pangeran Antasari Street no 21, Bandar Lampung.

The Position of Adverb of Place

1. Put adverb of place after the verb if the verb has no object.

Examples:

a. They are going outside now.
b. He is inside.

2. Put adverb of place after the object (either object of verb or preposition)

Examples:

a. The boy kicked the ball away.
b. I met him in the office yesterday.
c. They waited for you here last night.

To see the complete info on Kinds of Adverbs, just click here!

Adverb of Manner

Adverb of manner tells us how something happens. So it answers the question how. Adverb of manner modifies verb.

I. Adverb of Manner Formation

Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding ly to an adjective. But sometimes there are some changes in spelling when forming an adverb of manner from an adjective. Here are the detail rules:A. For adjectives end in y, follow the rules below:

1. Change y into i then add ly.
Examples:
Angry: angri+ly>>angrily, busy: busi+ly>> busily, easy: easi+ly>> easily, greedy: greedi+ly>> greedily, happy: happi+ly>> happily, hasty: hasti+ly>> hastily, heavy: heavi+ly>> heavily, hungry: hungri+ly>> hungrily, lazy: lazi+ly >> lazily, noisy: noisi+ly>> noisily, sleepy: sleepi+ly >> sleepily, speedy: speedi+ly>> speedily, and stealthy: stealthi+ly>> stealthily.
Use in sentence:
a. She spoke angrily to him.
b. I think I can do the test easily.
c. The boy is eating the food greedily.
d. The lazy man does his job lazily.
2. But for the adjectives shy and sly, just add ly.
shy: shy+ly>> shyly, sly: sly+ly>> slyly.
Use in sentences:
a. She smiled shyly.
b. He deceives his victims slyly.
3. If the adjectives are preceded by a vowel, just add ly.
Example:
coy: coy+ly>>coyly.
But for the word gay, first you need to change y into i then add ly
gay: gai+ly>>gaily.
Use in sentences:
a. She is facing the handsome man coyly.
b. We should welcome our guests gaily.
B. For adjectives end in ic, first put the syllable al then add ly.
Examples:

automatic: automatic+al+ly>> automatically, dramatic>> dramatic + al+ly >> dramatically, enthusiastic: enthusiastic+al+ly>> enthusiastically, scientific>>scientific + al+ ly>> scientifically, specific>> specific+al+ly >>specifically, but public changes to publicly, not publically.Use in sentences:

a. That tool works automatically.
b. They played the roles dramatically.
c. We followed the seminar enthusiastically.C. For the adjectives end in le, follow this rules:

1. If before le is preceded by a consonant, drop e then add y.Examples:

Favorable>> favorabl + y >> favorably, gentle: gentl+y>>gently, humble >> humbl + y >> humbly, irritable: irritabl+y>> irritably, sensible: sensibl+y>> sensibly, simple>> simpl + y >> simplyUse in sentences:

a. Mom stroked my hair gently.
b. They treated us sensibly.
c. She dresses simply.2. If before le is preceded by a vowel, you only need to add ly.
Examples:

agile: agile+ly>> agilely, sole: sole+ly>> solely; except for the word whole, the final e must be removed then add ly >>whole: whol+ly >>wholly.Use in sentences:

a. The skillful workers work agilely.
b. I was wholly convinced by his business presentation.D. For adjectives ending in ll, just add y.
Examples:
Dull: dull+y>> dully, full: full+y>> fully, shrill: shrill+y>> shrilly.
Use in sentences:
a. The dull student answered the questions dully.
b. I don’t fully understand your explanation.
c. She complained shrilly.
E. For the adjectives ending in ue, omit e then put ly.
Examples:
due: du+ly>> duly, true: tru+ly>> truly
Use in sentence:
a. They treated us duly.
b. She speaks truly.
F. Just add ly to the rest.
I will just present the adverbs, not the process of forming them. Those words among others are:

accidentally, anxiously, awkwardly, badly, beautifully, blindly, boldly, bravely, brightly, calmly, carefully, carelessly, cautiously, cheerfully, clearly, cleverly, closely, completely, correctly, courageously, cruelly, dangerously, daringly, deliberately, doubtfully, eagerly, elegantly, enormously, equally, eventually, exactly, , excitedly, faithfully, fatally, fiercely, fondly, foolishly, fortunately, frankly, frantically, furiously, generously, gladly, gracefully, honestly, hurriedly, inadequately, ingeniously, innocently, inquisitively, joyously, justly, kindly, loosely, loudly, madly, mortally, mysteriously, neatly, nervously, nicely, normally, obediently, openly, painfully, patiently, perfectly, politely, poorly, powerfully, promptly, punctually, quickly, quietly, rapidly, rarely, recklessly, regularly, reluctantly, repeatedly, rightfully, roughly, rudely, sadly, safely, secretly, selfishly, seriously, sharply, silently, slowly, smoothly, softly, solemnly, straightly, sternly, stupidly, successfully, suddenly, surprisingly, suspiciously, swiftly, tenderly, tensely, thoughtfully, tightly, truthfully, unexpectedly, victoriously, violently, vivaciously, warmly, weakly, wearily, wickedly, wildly, willingly, wisely,etc.

Use in sentences:

a. She is dancing beautifully.
b. A calm man faces a problem calmly.
c. Do it carefully!
d. My aunt always dresses elegantly.
e. She whispered tenderly.

Note:

1. Some adverbs that have the same form as adjectives.

Some adverbs of manner have the same form and meaning as the adjectives, they are fast, hard and late. To see their difference when serve as adjective or adverb, see their use in sentences below.a. He drove the car fast.(adverb, fast modifies verb, drove)
b. The man is a fast runner.(adjective, fast modifies noun, runner)
c. We worked hard all day. (adverb, hard modifies verb, worked)
d. He is doing a hard task. (adjective, hard modifies noun, task)
e. She always comes late. (adverb, late modifies verb, comes)
f. It’s annoying to wait for a late train. (adjective, late modifies noun, train)
You may ask a question, “why don’t we use lately and hardly because those words are available (but fastly is not)?” Lately and hardly are indeed adverbs, but not adverbs of manner; lately means recently and hardly means almost not at all.
See their use in sentences:
a. I saw her there lately.
g. They hardly come to visit me this year.
2. Adverbs of manner which do not end in ly

Commonly adverb of manner ends in ly which is derived from the adding of ly to the basic form of an adjective, yet well is not included. Well is derived from the adjective good.See the difference in sentences:
a. They are good students. (good is adjective for it modifies noun, students)
b. They did it well. (well is adverb for it modifies verb, did)
But well can also function as an adjective when it’s used to talk about health. Pay attention to the following dialogue!
X: How are you?
Y: I’m very well, thank you. (in a good health condition).
3. Adverbs which end in ly

As you see that commonly most adverbs of manner are formed by adding ly to the basic form of adjectives, so that they have ly ending. But there are some other types of adverbs which also end in ly, they are consequently, subsequently, frequently, rarely and usually (remember, they are not adverb of manner).

We also can find some other words that end in ly, such as friendly, lovely, holy and silly which are not adverbs, but adjectives.

II. Adverb of Manner with Verb

Adverbs of Manner are normally used with dynamic (action) verbs, not with stative, state verbs or linking verbs such as be, become, feel, get, look, and seem. Adjectives are used after these verbs.See the following examples!
The correct Use:
a. She smiled happily.
b. He spoke nervously.
The wrong Use:
a. She looked happily.
(It must be She looked happy)
b. He seemed nervously.
(It must be He seemed nervous)

III. Position of Adverb of Manner

1. Adverb of Manner is usually placed after the main verb.
Examples:
a. I will run fast to get the finish line.
b. You must speak seriously.
2. Adverb of Manner is usually placed after the object.
If the verb has an object, the adverb of manner is usually placed after the object.
Examples:
a. They performed a traditional dance beautifully.
b. She does her job neatly.
Note: Don’t put adverb of manner between the verb and the object!

a. The man bound tightly the paper. (incorrect)
b. The man bound the paper tightly. (correct)3. But if the verb you use in your sentence is an intransitive verb (verb with no object), you should constantly put the adverb of manner after the intransitive verb.
Examples:
a. The little girl cried loudly.
b. He died peacefully.
Note:
There are some general adverbs which are nearly always put after the verb; they are badly, fast, hard and well.
Examples:
a. The amateur singer is singing badly.
b. The professional secretary types fast.
c. My father always works hard.
d. My favorite team played well yesterday.
4. For sentences with an object of preposition, you can put the adverb of manner either before the preposition or after the object.
Examples:
a. We are studying happily at school. Or
b. We are studying at school happily.
5. If you want to emphasize on the way something is done (emphasize on the verb), you can put the adverb of manner before the verb.
Examples:
a. He carefully told him about the news.
b. I patiently wait for his coming.
6. And if you want to catch your listeners’/readers’ attention, you may put the adverb of manner at the beginning of the sentence.
Examples:
a. Greedily the hungry boy ate up the food.
b. Angrily I expelled him last night.
7. Clause with more than one verb

When your clause contains more than one verb, the different position of the adverb can change the meaning. If it is placed before the verb, it modifies the action described by the verb. But placing the adverb at the end of the clause means describing the way the whole action is done.Examples:

a. The teacher gradually advises the students to change their bad habit. (Gradually modifies advises, it means the teacher regularly advises the students)

b. The teacher advised the students to change their bad habit gradually.( Gradually modifies the way the students changing their bad habit, step by step, not all at once)

IV. Adverb of Manner Modifiers

You can modify adverb of manner by using a bit, quite, most, fairly, really, very, extremely, rather, etc. These words are always put before the adverb.
Examples:
a. She spoke quite angrily to him.
b. I could do the test very easily.
c. The boy is eating the food rather greedily.
d. The lazy man does his job really lazily.
To see the complete discussion on Adverb (Kind of Adverbs) just click here!

Adverb of Reason

Adverb of Reason explains why certain action takes place. Adverb of reason commonly occurs in the form of a clause which is preceded by conjunctive adverbs such as because, since, as, for, that, etc.

Use in sentences:

1. I study hard because I want to pass the test.
2. She didn’t go to work yesterday since she was ill.
3. John doesn’t want to come here again as he is disappointed with the service.
4. He decides to leave her for he doesn’t love her anymore.
5. I’m happy that you like my cake.

To see the complete discussion on Adverb (Kind of Adverbs) just click here!

Adverb of Cause and Effect

Adverb of cause and effect explains the cause and effect for which the action of the verb is done or taken place. It indicates the reason and the consequence for what happens.  Adverbs of cause and effect is usually started with conjunctive adverbs such as because, since, as, for, as a result, consequently/as a consequence, therefore, hence and thus.

Use in Sentence

1. Because

Examples:

a. I did it because you asked me to.
b. They go on strike because the company doesn’t meet their demands.

2. Since

Since is normally used in informal spoken English.

Examples:

a. I don’t like her since she tends to talk too much.
b. Since the meeting starts at 7, he must wake up early.

3. As

As is usually used in more formal written English.
Examples:
a. As you eat too much food, you are now fat.
b. I became stressful as the test was hard.

4. For

For is actually more frequently used as a preposition but you can use it as conjunction to present a reason.
Examples:
a. I am now making good preparation for I want to perform well.
b. Don’t do it that way for the result will not be good.

5. As a Result

Examples:
a. He worked very hard today; as a result, he is now very tired.
b. Mom cooked very special dish; as a result, we enjoyed a memorable dinner that night.

6. Consequently/ As a Consequence

Examples:

a. He did a very hard struggle in the past; consequently, he gets what he wants now.
b. They are very strong; as a consequence, we must practice diligently to beat them.

7. Therefore

Examples:

a. We love you much; therefore, we will do everything for you.
b. Nobody woke him up; therefore, he was over slept.

8. Hence

Examples:

a. I know him well; hence, I trust him.
b. He has lived in the US for long time; hence; he speaks very fluent English now.

9. Thus

Examples:

a. We need you; thus, we call you.
b. I need money to support my life; thus; I work.

You can also use so, so … that/ such . . . that to state cause and effect.

Examples:

a. She was very lazy so she failed in the exam.
b. Your words are so funny that I can’t stop giggling.
c. I have never met such handsome man that I stunned on him.

To see the complete discussion on Adverb (Kind of Adverbs) just click here!

Adverb of Degree

Adverbs of degree inform us about the degree or extent or intensity or strength of an action, an adjective or another adverb. Adverbs of degree regularly function as intensifiers which give a greater or lesser emphasis to the words they modify.

Adverbs of degree among others are:

Adequately, absolutely, almost, a lot, awfully, badly, barely, completely, considerably, decidedly, deeply, eminently, emphatically, enough, enormously, entirely, exaggeratedly, exceedingly, excessively, extraordinarily, extremely, fairly, far, fully, greatly, hardly, heartily, highly, how, hugely, immensely, incredibly, indeed, intensely, just, largely, literally, little, mildly, moderately, most, much, nearly, partially, perfectly, positively, practically, pretty, profoundly, purely, quite, rather, really, remarkably, scarcely, simply, so, somewhat, strongly, terribly, thoroughly, too, totally, tremendously, truly, utterly, vastly, very, virtually, well.

The scale of strength from the weakest degree to the strongest is:

1. little
2. rather=fairly
3. quite
4. very

Placement

Adverbs of degree are commonly placed:
1. Before the adjective or the adverb they are modifying:
Examples:
a. Your job is completely good. (before adjective)
b. This test is really hard. (before adjective)
c. She is singing very loudly. (before adverb)
d. They speak too fast. (before adverb)
2. Before the main verb:
Examples:
a. We don’t absolutely understand what he means.
b. She will totally focus on her study this semester.

Enough, Too and Very

1. Enough

As an adverb enough means to the required degree or extent and is used after an adjective or adverb.

Examples:

a. His English is good enough. (after adjective)
b. The judge judged the case fairly enough.(after adverb)

2. Too

As an adverb, too means to a higher degree than is desirable, permissible, or possible; excessively and comes before an adjective or an adverb.

Examples:

a. The weather here is too cold for me.
b. Don’t drive too fast!

Remember that we can put to+infinitive after enough and too when those words function as adverbs.

Examples:

a. She is competent enough to join that competition.
b. This matter is too hard to understand.

3. Very

As an adverb, very is used for emphasis to make an adjective or the other adverb it modifies stronger. Very normally goes before an adverb or an adjective.

Examples:

a. She is very diligent. (before adjective)
b. A snail moves very slowly. (before adverb)

The Difference between Very and Too

Very states a fact. We use very in affirmative way. Whereas too is always used in negative way or it shows a problem.

Examples:

a. This orange is very sweet.
b. This orange is too sweet (for me to eat).

In sentence a, the speaker tells a fact that the orange is very sweet, he gives a compliment. There is no problem for him to eat it because the degree of sweetness is just right for him. Meanwhile in sentence b, it shows a problem if the speaker consumes the orange because the sweetness is excessive for him.

To see the complete discussion on Adverb (Kinds of Adverbs) just click here!